Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. Make the most of doctor visits. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. A detailed search strategy was iteratively developed in consultation with a librarian experienced in SRs and an expert in school health services. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! 1654 references were screened and 20 systematic reviews containing 270 primary studies were assessed narratively. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. Linking School Nurses With Health Care Systems Using EHRs: An The Advantages of Digitizing School Health Records Digitalization of documents is becoming more popular. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. The 20 SRs covered eight health areas: nine on mental health [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36], four on oral health [18,25,27,30], two on asthma [31,37], and one SR each on sleep [20]; obesity [26]; vision [21]; menstrual management [22]; and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [35]. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. All three tools are useful for internal planning and program improvement. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. . Educational interventions had mixed effects. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. (2019). Copyright: 2019 Levinson et al. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. Although prevalence of visual impairment varies widely by ethnic group and age [41], WHO estimates that at least 19 million children below age 15 are visually impaired [42]. Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. The final two items in the four-item checklist are (3) date of publication to ensure that results are up-to-date, and (4) matching of the scope to confirm that primary studies within SRs are relevant to the overview. Evans and colleagues found strong evidence from China, Tanzania, and India that school vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits increased wearing of spectacles when spectacles were provided at no cost [21]. [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). School Health Services | Healthy Schools | CDC However, the leading causes of death and disability beyond self-harm and depressive disorders are currently not addressed. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. PDF Electronic Health Records: An Essential Tool for School Nurses to - ed This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. school district county sch yr grade special health problems/parent concerns: quick reference: physical exam: k/1 6 11 3 7 . Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. School health services (SHS), as defined in thisguideline, are services provided by a health workerto students enrolled in primary or secondaryeducation, either within school premises or in ahealth service situated outside the school. 425 of these articles were ineligible. This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. You can review and change the way we collect information below. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. National Association of School Nurses. Five SRs covered depression and/or anxiety prevention and early intervention programs, with the FRIENDS for Life program (FRIENDS) and the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) most common [19,24,28,32,34]. school health services Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. Additionally, at least 94 countries or territories include some form of school health services that are routinely delivered, as opposed to special research interventions [9]. The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. Personal health records and patient portals - Mayo Clinic The use of an assessment and action planning process provides a coordinated framework for school improvement and wellness efforts. Table B. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. Duplication of effort should be avoided or minimized. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. Most interventions involved school-nurse-delivered nutrition counseling, nutrition and health education, and some parent involvement or physical activity. A universal educational intervention on oral hygiene and caries produced weaker evidence of effectiveness [27]. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/en/, http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Pages/WASH.aspx, http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/resources/information_series/en/, https://data.worldbank.org/?year_high_desc=false, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012595.pub2/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub2/abstract, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2/abstract, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=2418, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment, https://www.iapb.org/resources/school-eye-health-guidelines/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43027/924159215X_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7E674C27FAC37B003AB96A2DC13C7407?sequence=1, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. Finally, for 1519 year olds, the leading causes of death were road injury, self-harm, interpersonal violence, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections [47]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20]. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. It can even provide reports, process results, students transcripts and . Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. Vision screening is one of the most common forms of school health services [9], although the majority of programs are concentrated in high-income countries (HIC) [21]. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. WHO guideline on school health services Journal of school health, 86 (8), 585-594. Any of these three school health assessments will be helpful in data-driven decision making and action planning. The mismatch in the SR literature identified by this overview demonstrates that more research must be done before an answer to this question can be determined. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. An index publication is the first appearance of a primary study within an overview. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. PDF The Role of Records Keeping for Effective Primary Schools This implies that a narrower range of SRs would have been eligible if a stricter cut-off had been selected, and vice versa. S6 Appendix. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). The data was too heterogeneous to meta-analyze, and the authors determined that the certainty of the evidence of the benefit of dental screening in increasing dental attendance was very low [18]. Walter and colleagues found that family asthma educational programs for children and their parents or caregivers improved quality of life for both caregivers and children, and decreased asthma exacerbations for children [37]. A SR on sexual health interventions for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan African countries found that educational interventions were successful in increasing knowledge and attitudes for participants (Table 3F) [35]. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. This overview makes an important first step toward that guideline. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23]. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. Only one quasi-experimental study from the United States in 1999 was included in the SR. Importance Of School Health Services In Schools | ipl.org Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. However, they did not assess risk of bias or appraise the quality of included studies [31]. Telehealth in Schools - National School Boards Association After removal of 705 articles with definitely ineligible titles/abstracts, 445 full text articles were screened using the ranked inclusion/exclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). SHI | Using School Health Assessments | Healthy Schools | CDC When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. You may know to keep a file of those records. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. This means they may be reviewed by teachers and other school ocials who have a legitimate educational interest in the information. PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. For . Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that all four of the SRs given moderate or high levels of confidence were Cochrane reviews. However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. For example, the exclusion of observational studies limits the ability of this overview to assess interventions where controlled studies may be unethical or impractical, such as for an intervention that has been clearly shown to be effective when delivered in a different context and the school health service program wishes to include it. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. PDF The Importance of Health Records - Scientific Research Publishing Education on the wearing of spectacles in addition to vision screening as compared to vision screening alone did not have a significant effect [21]. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. State and local stakeholders are encouraged to use other data, such as youth behavior surveys and public health surveillance, to identify which health risks have the greatest impact on students. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. Automated Records Management. Why Certain School Records Are Important to Keep School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. Comprehensive school programs that promote healthy school environments, health and nutrition literacy, and physical activity are one of the six key areas for ending childhood obesity recommended by WHO [45]. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM!
Offshore Powerboat Racing Schedule 2022,
Lori Martin Niagara Falls Where Is She Now,
Peter Simon Presenter Partner,
Chella Man And Maryv,
Articles I
